Change of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay

Change of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Throughout the course of the play, Macbeths character changes from good to evil. As the audience we are given plenty of opportunities to look at the way in which he changes and the influences that help bring about the alteration in character. Shakespeare also uses dramatic devises to highlight Macbeths change. In this essay I am going to explore the influences that Macbeth was exposed to and the effect that Shakespeare use of dramatic devices has on the audiences awareness. It is clear from the beginning of the play that Macbeth is a brave war hero. He is also the kings cousin. He may have been simply fed up if being†¦show more content†¦It is a chance to get a good insight into their opinions and outlooks. We can see what they are really thinking. Macbeth clearly realises that killing Duncan is an option. In Act 1 Scene 4 Macbeths two-faced quality shows through, he is able to be polite and friendly to the king. Macbeths ambition is one of the driving forces which has lingered in the background of the play and has driven Macbeth due to his own fault in character to become a man able to kill without good reason or conscience. As the audience we automatically take a liking to Macbeths character, he comes across as a very loyal and trustworthy warrior, true to his country. Shakespeares inclusion of these traits helps to emphasise the great change in Macbeths character from good to evil. At the beginning of the play Shakespeare touches on a fight scene, and we hear of Macbeths bravery: O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman. Clearly Macbeth has moved from a heroic warrior to the need to kill a man whilst he is asleep. Macbeth also becomes deceitful and was obviously not truly wholesome to begin with as his change would not have come about with such ease and on such swift wings. One of the most important soliloquies with regards to Macbeths ambition is at the beginning of Act 1 Scene 7. We see Macbeth entertain fellow noblemen and whilst doing so planningShow MoreRelatedMen of Respect V.S Macbeth Essay738 Words   |  3 PagesIn 1991, William Shakespeares great play Macbeth was re-created into a modern day version titled Men of Respect. Was the plays textual fidelity lost in transition during the making of the film, or did the film show total loyalty and devotion to the text and the feelings of the play? A closer examination of the characters/lines, classification between good and evil, and the use of light and dark will compare the many differences and similarities between William Shakespeares Macbeth and WilliamRead MoreEssay about Shakespeares Manipulation of History Through Literature1422 Words   |  6 Pages In some of William Shakespeares most famous works, he deviates from the historical truth to create the final product of his works. He does t his to please loyalty, as well as appeal to his audience at the time. 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Macbeth decidesRead More Shakespeares Macbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes      Ã‚   William Shakespeare has written many literary works - from his sonnets to his plays, each has its own individual characteristics.   One popular characteristic that comes from his plays is the tragic hero.   The audience can always relate to the tragic hero and the many trials he faces.   Macbeth and Hamlet are just two of Shakespeares plays that involve the tragic hero.   Through their nobility, tragic flaws, and dignity Macbeth and Hamlet prove to beRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, the author portrays the main character Macbeth as a very tortured and flawed individual whose actions only serve to further unravel him. He is conflicted and power hungry, which drives him to perform evil murders and become a ruthless person. Macbeth’s moral compass is not resilient enough to withstand his wife’s manipulations and he is provoked to act on his malicious thoughts of murder . The author explores the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can haveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And Richard IIi906 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare employs a variety of techniques in his plays to show good characters from bad characters; one such technique as the application of deformity or an abnormality manifests itself physically and psychologically with the dramas. The incorporation of a defect, whether it be physically or psychology, reveals flawed characteristics within the said character. Most of these flawed characteristics, though revealed in different situations, share similar problems and consequences. For example

A Literary Analysis Of 1984 By George Orwell - 721 Words

The essay your about to read is a literary analysis of the book â€Å"1984 by George Orwell† it was written in 1948 as a thriller. Winston Smith is the main character of this story followed by two characters â€Å"Julia and O’Brien.† The book starts off with main character Winston being very frustrated with what is called the â€Å"Party† lead by a man named â€Å"Big Brother† hints the saying â€Å"big brother is watching you† from â€Å"George Orwells worst fear† stated by express.co.uk. the book takes you for a ride through what the author believes will happen by the year 1984 he stats that Winston has a obsession with defining the party’s rules. In â€Å"1984†, lies, myths and false information controls the thinking of the citizens. The Party uses propaganda as†¦show more content†¦Since no law are written and are only lived by the party can change them as they feel needed. â€Å"Newspeak† being one of these laws meaning only the party can put what is the truth for them which keeps the people with trust in them for they rely on the party. The people are washed to cut out critical think and to only do what they are told and only what is for them to believe. â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† also meaning surveillance which is every where in Oceania the mostly used way by the party is the â€Å"telescreen† most commonly know as the television. There’s one in every building in Oceania they only serve two purposes one being monitoring and the other being propaganda the party uses the two way screens to view what people are doing in there homes and almost anywhere else. Even small things as facial expressions can be seen by the party to monitor all citizens. Only the high up party members have the option to turn them off for a shot period of time. Children are also used to monitor there parents and to report back to there â€Å"deviations†. With surveillanc e this high no one could show any time of negatively toward the party for the â€Å"Thought Police† would for sure be on to them. Hints the reason â€Å"Winston† the main character broke all laws and was captured and broke back to a member of â€Å"THE PARTY†. George Orwell created a world where a word can determine ones live and existence. Words play aShow MoreRelated1984 By George Orwell Literary Analysis1625 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel 1984 written by George Orwell struck readers with alarm and conviction as the author’s claims and pessimistic predictions addressed the future of language’s ability to shape human thought and behavior. Withholding knowledge and confiscating autonomy, Orwell writes, allowed the fictional government to control every aspect of its citizens’ lives. Alternatively, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World anticipated the opposite of Orwell’s claims and wrote of a dystopian future of people who had grown Read MoreAnalysis Of 1984 By George Orwell954 Words   |  4 PagesSophie Moore Mrs. N. Finley E209R3 – 1984 literary analysis 27 January 2015 Symbolism throughout 1984 The novel 1984 is a futuristic totalitarian society where everyone is kept under close surveillance and is forced to follow all rules and laws of the state. The novel 1984 was written by George Orwell and published in 1950. The main characters were Big Brother, Winston Smith, Julia, O’Brien, Syme and Emmanuel Goldstein. Winston Smith is a low man on the totem pole when it came to the ruling PartyRead More1984 Doublethink Analysis1497 Words   |  6 Pages1984 Connection: In 1984, George Orwell illustrates a dystopian society in which he emphasizes the influential contribution of language to the psychological manipulation the Party imposes. Specifically, through the concept of Doublethink, Orwell highlights the ironic names of the Partys ministries as means to euphemize what they actually are. From the very beginning of the novel, it is revealed how the Party characterizes the faà §ade that The Ministry of Truth, which concerned itself with newsRead More1984 Doublethink Analysis1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Doublethink in The Government of 1984 â€Å" War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength,†. The following quote originates from the infamous novel, 1984 by George Orwell. The significance of this popular quote was to display an example of the action of doublethink. Doublethink is the act of having two contradictory thoughts at the same time and believing both are true. Doublethink plays an influential role in the novel, 1984. The novel takes place in a super-state by the nameRead MoreIn the autumn of 1836, George Orwell, a British author, novelist, essayist, and critic wrote an1000 Words   |  4 PagesIn the autumn of 1836, George Orwell, a British author, novelist, essayist, and critic wrote an essay called Shooting an Elephant. In the essay, he describes his experiences as a white British imperial police officer in Burma. The story takes place in British-ruled Burma. This essay portrays Orwell’s discomfort about Imperialism. In shooting an Elephant, Orwell uses different literary techniques to portray the Imperialism collapsing. In this essay Orwell describes his experience of being pressuredRead MoreEssay on 1984 Big Brother’s Dystopian World1015 Words   |  5 PagesHannah Porter Mrs. West College Prep Writing-Literary Analysis September 29th, 2011 Big Brother’s Dystopian World Dystopia: a society characterized by human misery and oppression. A Dystopian world is controlled by a government that can do no wrong. They weed out the individuals and groups that have the thought or intend to commit their lives to â€Å"dethroning† the ruler; Big Brother. The government will do anything to protect their way of life. They will go to the extremes of changingRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Caged Birds Accept Each Other But Flight Is What They Long For ``1717 Words   |  7 PagesTennessee Williams said, â€Å"Caged birds accept each other but flight is what they long for.† In George Orwell’s book 1984 the main character Winston Smith felt like a caged bird and wanted to be free of the totalitarian regime that was Big Brother. In the book, Orwell portrays a society in which life as we know it is none existent. People are stripped of their individualism, programmed like zombies and made to suppress each other. 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Analysis of The Technology Voice Over IP Free Essays

Though communication have been existing for a long time, changes in method have been taking place all the time, so that costs are reduced and one of the latest methods is to communicate through IP or Voice over IP – VoIP. The technology of sending voice is already over a hundred years old, but earlier there had been less important developments in technology over the earlier systems of PBX and key system technologies which had been developed for many years. The new technology that has now been developed is of sending voice over IP which is replacing the earlier TDM products and now with the development of technology the changes in technology of voice can have an important role to play in organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of The Technology Voice Over IP or any similar topic only for you Order Now The change is more important than just converting the earlier used system of time division multiplexing or TDM to Internet Protocol or IP. This is the first step of companies to solve difficulties regarding costs and achieving business goals of the organization. Apart from voice the architecture that is used with IP communications include â€Å"video, messaging, contact centers and business process enablement†. (Voice over IP is the first step to an enabled, converged environment) What is being stated is very simple and that is voice will not be sent as a separate type of communication, but will be sent in the form of an Internet Protocol based communication. This is being transmitted for quite some time now and dependable channels have already been developed. The costs of this method are also viewed to be quite low, and that will naturally reduce costs of transmitting voice. At this stage it is important to understand what Internet is. This is a method of communication which can be carried over many media like cable, radio, wireless, etc. The difference that it has with other media is that this causes a series of fluctuations for the message to be carried, somewhat like a pulsating signal. At the same time, the pulses provide a certain code for passing on messages and this is like digital communication which transfers information regarding scripts and also on the computers. This had originally started of with 8 bits which now form a byte and even the storage capacity of computer items like hard disks are stated in billions of bytes. (IP Communications: A Wealth of Innovations Begins to Deliver New Value to Business) Apparently the numbers required are high as even this article will contain some 30 thousand bytes, but the method of transmission is simple as the information just consists of yes or no and the method used is of binary logic. The logic of Internet protocol is over 32 pieces and this has now spread over all networks – wired or wireless, public Internet or service provider networks and corporate LANs. For communication to be enabled, what was required was the enabling to IP of all communications and computing equipment. (IP Communications: A Wealth of Innovations Begins to Deliver New Value to Business) The advantage of using these methods is it permits an organization to reach the next level of communication services and not confine itself to have special systems designed for its own use. This will naturally save it sizeable amounts of capital expenditure as also the regular costs of maintenance and operations. According to a recent Forrester study, IP videoconferencing and unified messaging are becoming very popular in North American and European enterprises, though the majority of enterprises in this are not purchasing these applications during the current year. In the course of the study, it was found that 29% among North American and 17% among the European enterprises which have at least a 1,000 employees are already using or presently upgrading IP videoconferencing. The full methods of unified messaging is being fully used or being upgraded in only 15% of North American enterprises and in 14% of European enterprises. (Unified Messaging and IP Videoconferencing: Adoption Slower Than Expected) This shows clearly that there is a rapid change going on in this area. Considering that both applications are now reasonable mature, it was surprising to find that full-scale deployments are still found in less than 30% of companies that were surveyed. At the same time, there is a reasonable potential for growth of both unified messaging and IP videoconferencing, since the enterprises will now upgrade to Session Initiation Protocol based platforms. Most enterprises that were surveyed plan to use these applications in-house, yet, several companies, mainly in Europe, stated that they would consider unified messaging applications and IP videoconferencing to be provided as a managed service. After the standalone applications become integrated, the market for these applications is expected to grow at a faster rate. (Unified Messaging and IP Videoconferencing: Adoption Slower Than Expected) 3. What industry can do to insure that service? Before we talk about the insurance of service for IP based phones let us look at the benefits as if there are no benefits, there are no advantages in switching to the new technology. There can be substantial savings and those can vary from $9,600 per site to $28,000 per site over a full year for large organizations and from $4,800 to $9,600 for medium sized organizations and these results are taken from a study that was carried out last year. The second advantage is that it enables organizations to increase their total telephone systems along with the growth of the organization. Even the growth when it takes place can be flexible and without gaps or stoppages. There are programs like Microsoft Outlook which enables the user to know immediately who is calling along with the ring of the telephone. Even for the management there is a benefit and they do not have to depend on the supplier of the system for any changes that they want to make (Is Your Network Ready for IP Telephony?) In terms of insurance, the service is now available from a number of manufacturers and thus in the case of dissatisfaction, one can always change suppliers and that is probably the best sort of insurance that one can get. 4. How can IP makes the vision of any device to any device over any network possible? Before VoIP started all organizations had two separate infrastructures and one was used for transmitting voice and the other was for transmitting data. When VoIP is used, there is only one integrated infrastructure. At the outset, it will seem that without the PSTN infrastructure the cost infrastructures can be justified easily for the system. At the same time, this cannot be removed totally since it has to handle the call overflows and any calls which are not targeted for the remote site. There are models available which will enable the calculation and justification for these network integration projects. (VoIP: How to plan for the bandwidth and calculate cost savings) This has made it clear that many new devices will be made to work over the Internet for human benefit. To conclude, it could be said that at certain levels of technology, it is difficult to understand the technical points and one should look at the entire question from a requirement point of view. How to cite Analysis of The Technology Voice Over IP, Essay examples

Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Networking on Business

Question: What Is the Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Networking on Business Promotion? Answer: Introduction: A business has to deal with a hundred different challenges to survive and sustain in the ever changing dynamic economy. The consumer market continues to change every day and keeping the customers happy as become nothing short of a huge accomplishment (Albarran 2013). There was once a time in the history of business market when a single brand only produced a particular kind of product, a time in the past where a product characterized a brand. The scenarios have changed drastically since the time and the corporate world has transformed itself into a complete strangers. Gone are the days when a product made a name for the brand, now the brand name sells the products (De Vries, Gensler and Leeflang 2012). In the era of retail marketing, there is no product discretion left in the business world. Every brand has expanded its product variety to the hilt and the competition is sky high. In order to deal with the mounting competition the marketing realm has transformed as well. The age old ad campaigns just do not cut anymore, the current age is all about on the go marketing (Ashley and Tuten 2015). Ever since World Wide Web came into existence, the human society has never been the same. Every single human being irrespective of age or gender are hooked to the wonders of internet, with the groundbreaking technologies like smart phones at the fingertips nothing is unattainable. Internet blogging and social media has taken over our existence and it has taken over business market along the way. This report will discuss the good and the bad of using social media marketing tool for the growth of business ventures (Albarran 2013). Social media marketing: In the early days of marketing, ad campaigns and news paper articles was all it had to offer. With the back then craze being the television, electronic media caused the surge for the different brands became well acquainted with the general mass by the virtue of electronic media and funny and attractive ads (Bae 2012). However ever since the social media came around, the marketing world has witnessed the revolution never seen before. It has changed the known facts and figures, methods and techniques of the good old PR realm. Social media has not been just a tool to the marketing giants; it has been the boon and the blessing that allowed them to reach their target market by all means (Berthon et al. 2012). Social media marketing encompasses the kids, the young, and the not so young with a massive impact ad connects with them in a level that the marketing world never saw before. The boom the popularity of different business venture due to social media marketing has been more overwhelming than exciting (Bae 2012). And anything with that revolutionary impact has its own sets of pitfalls also with the heaps of benefits that it bestows the world with. The market whos who is still trying to discover ways with which they can utilize in the right manner that can avoid the risks associated with it (De Vries, Gensler and Leeflang 2012). Different social media platforms: Studies suggest that social media marketing is a elemental discovery of this century that will take the corporate marketing to a whole another dimension. However the business companies are still struggling to find a stable way to utilize the social media marketing in a manner that would not potentially put the brand name to a huge risk (De Vries, Gensler and Leeflang 2012). However, the power of online marketing and the grip it has over the target market cannot be denied. Various authors have stated that the main element behind the huge success of online media marketing is the vast array of different platforms (Bae 2012). Facebook and Twitter probably are the very first social media platforms introduced in the market, and history will remember the off the charts success and response it received from the target market. At this tech savvy age, a novice to facebook and twitter can hardly be found. And due to their incomparable success of these two are by far the most abundantly used marketing platforms. Facebook, the young generation craze has so much more to offer than an interconnected world of strangers (Bae 2012). A facebook page allows any business venture to create a fan page for a service or a product, a page that the users can follow to be updated about the business operations of the services and products. On the other hand the handy twitter handles allows 140 character long posts or tweets, as popularly known as, about the services or products offered. After these online media giants the next two entries demand equal recognition (Erdo?mu? and Cicek 2012). Youtube, as argued by different authors, are the best and most effective substitute of electronic media with a much more diverse scope or promise. Youtube provides the companies albeit virtual but the most realistic scope to know and see what business companies are offering (De Vries, Gensler and Leeflang 2012). On the other hand, LinkedIn is completely professional interface that allows different business opportunities to reach you. Blogs are the repository for the journals of online journals written about a product, a services or a review of the both. And lastly websites like Pinterest and Digg offers you to bookmark and save different posts about a new product or a newly launched service and save it to revisit later. Apart from theses abundantly used social media platforms there are a lot more, the websites of a different company or brand being another way to attract the customers. With these many options there are a myriad of advantages to using social media as a marketing tool ( Erdo?mu? and Cicek 2012). Advantages of social media marketing: Ever since its immergence of social networking, it has changed the face of the marketing and PR completely. Fosdick in his article suggested that the biggest and most thrilling advantage to social networking is the fact that it is extremely cost affective (Fosdick 2012). It has to be mentioned that most of the social networking sites are free to access and create a profile to access the target market. And the little to no cash that these websites charge is insignificant on te wake of the amount of attention it attracts from a global target market. Hence with just a little investments and a team of quality PR management, business venture are not just able to react a global customer base but stay connected to them and update about the customer what steal your details at the irresistible price with uncompromised quality. Pay per click advertisement strategies of social media like facebook or youtube might seem to burn a whole in the pocket but considering the global sensation that these websites are, the benefits vastly outweigh the cost (Stelzner 2013). The reach of this websites are another huge plus to using this marketing technique, studies suggest that the social media sites makes a business brand visible like a beacon and positions it in the league of global market. A catchy slogan or tagline posted to the social media can easily become the viral sensation and increase your brand recognition globally (Tuten and Solomon 2014). A detailed critical study on the efficacy of the social media marketing has explained that over 91% of marketers across the globe claim that their social marketing efforts have heavily decreased the cost and exponentially increased their exposure in the market worldwide (Hays, Page and Buhalis 2013). Other than that social media marketing increases the inbound traffic to a substantial amount. It should not escape notice that without social media marketing the business operation will only attain the usual customers but expanding into online media will allow you to attain a traffic surpassing all country borders. Other than that a business venture with good social media popularity is known to have higher conversion rates (Hays, Page and Buhalis 2013). With the increased visibility, every single blog or media post will attract more viewers and keep increasing conversion opportunities. Heymann-Reder suggested in his article on the comparison of social media and conventional marketing strategies have shown online media marketing to have a whooping 100 % higher lead to close rate than traditional brand promotional strategies (Heymann-Reder 2012). Lastly social media marketing allow the customers to be connected to their favorite brands at all times, this inclusion not only makes them feel more valued but also allows them to reach out to the service providers to resolve any issues they might have. And studies suggest that it elevates that customer satisfaction rates radically (Heymann-Reder 2012). Risks and disadvantages: With the unending list of irresistible advantages there also are a number of risks associated with the social media marketing. The first and foremost disadvantage of the social networking sites is the obscene amount of time it takes (Saravanakumar and Sugantha Lakshmi 2012). With so many people using the interface at the same time anything can go wring within seconds and a experienced team has to be at the beck and call for sabotages and pitfalls of using social networking as a marketing tool (Kim and Ko 2012). Other than that there is need for constant updating the social media stature of your brand or service to keep up with the cut throat competition of this age. Kumar and Mirchandani in their article state that marketing professionals need to keep the followers enthralled and captivated with the conservative and communicative quality to avoid losing the followers (Kumar and Mirchandani 2012). Keeping aside the obvious challenges of social media marketing, it also is associated with a number of potential risks. Veteran and his coauthors in their article have suggested that there might have a saying in the past that any publicity is good publicity, but in case of social media brand reputation is everything (Vinerean et al. 2013). A disgruntled customer posting a ton of negative feedback can seriously affect the brand reputation and in turn the customer loyalty. Hence unless there is highly efficient and productive PR team handy, it is difficult to manage negative online media traffic (Papasolomou and Melanthiou 2012). Other than that only hacking and virus and malware can also affect the efficacy of the social media presence of the brand. According to the recent report from the IT Audit and control governance authority the five major risks associated with the social media marketing are virus and malware, online hacking, confidentiality and privacy of corporate content, unre alistic and unrelenting customer demands and noncompliance, without addressing these five risk factors the smooth sailing social media marketing can approach a huge pitfall (Saravanakumar and SuganthaLakshmi 2012). Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be said that there are a few risk factors associated with the social media marketing along with the wealth of benefits it provides. The growth and popularity it provides to the business companies is unparalleled and it can be the much needed boost to the small ventures that are not that visible to the target market across the globe. However most of the companies are not willing to take the plunge or do not know how manage the dynamic ways of social media market. Critically thinking in case of small scale businesses the risks associated with using social networking as a marketing tool, can be a little too much to handle with limited manpower and meager experience in the market. However, it should not escape notice that the conventional methods of marketing are not devoid of any risk either. Hence with correctly placed strategies to address the potential risk factors and downfalls social media marketing toll can be the innovation that takes corporate marketing towards a new dimension. References: Albarran, A.B. ed., 2013.Social Media Marketing(pp. 86-104). New York and London: Routledge. Ashley, C. and Tuten, T., 2015. Creative strategies in social media marketing: An exploratory study of branded social content and consumer engagement.Psychology Marketing,32(1), pp.15-27. Bae, W.C., 2012. Social media marketing. Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. De Vries, L., Gensler, S. and Leeflang, P.S., 2012. Popularity of brand posts on brand fan pages: An investigation of the effects of social media marketing.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(2), pp.83-91. Erdo?mu?, ?.E. and Cicek, M., 2012. The impact of social media marketing on brand loyalty.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,58, pp.1353-1360. Fosdick, M.A.G.G.I.E., 2012. The globalization of social media: Consumer relationships with brands evolve in the digital space. Strategic Direction, 28(6). Hays, S., Page, S.J. and Buhalis, D., 2013. Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations.Current issues in Tourism,16(3), pp.211-239. Heymann-Reder, D., 2012.Social Media Marketing. Addison-Wesley Verlag. Kim, A.J. and Ko, E., 2012. Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion brand.Journal of Business Research,65(10), pp.1480-1486. Kumar, V. and Mirchandani, R., 2012. Increasing the ROI of social media marketing.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(1), p.55. Papasolomou, I. and Melanthiou, Y., 2012. Social media: Marketing public relations new best friend.Journal of Promotion Management,18(3), pp.319-328. Saravanakumar, M. and SuganthaLakshmi, T., 2012. Social media marketing.Life Science Journal,9(4), pp.4444-4451. Stelzner, M.A., 2013.2013 Social media marketing industry report: How marketers are using social media to grow their businesses. SocialMediaExaminer. com. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014.Social media marketing. Sage. Vinerean, S., Cetina, I., Dumitrescu, L. and Tichindelean, M., 2013. The effects of social media marketing on online consumer behavior.International Journal of Business and Management,8(14), p.66.